Article Most Wanted

Scarlet Witch - Magneto's Daughter

Tukang Warta 0 comics, marvel 4/30/2014 09:39:00 PM

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<b>articlemostwanted </b>- Wanda Maximoff and her twin brother Pietro, the children of Magneto, were horn without their father’s knowledge in the mountains of Eastern Europe. Abandoned by their mother, they were adopted by a gypsy couple. Born the night of a supernatural storm, Wanda was imbued from infancy with mystical potential, which would affect her latent mutant abilities and allow her to channel chaos magic in a number of useful ways. Chief among these are her probability—altering hex—spheres—finite pockets of reality—disrupting, psionic force that cause random disturbances in the molecular-level probability fields surrounding their targets. As a result, unlikely phenomena occur. With time to prepare, ‘Wanda can cast her hex power to garner specific results.<br /><br />As Wanda and Pietro reached adolescence, they both manifested their mutant powers, and soon were forced to flee their adopted family. During their early teens, the twins wandered Central Europe. They were often the targets of persecution, with the superhumanly lust, self-assured Pietro defending his quieter, meeker sister.<br /><br />During one such encounter, a mob of superstitious villagers would have killed Wanda and Pietro were it not for the intervention of Magneto. Unaware he was their natural father, they joined his Brotherhood of Evil Mutants as the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver. They knew their terrorist actions were immoral, but served out of a sense of obligation—and because they feared Magneto’s wrath.<br /><br />After the Brotherhood’s dissolution, Wanda and Pietro sought redemption for their transgressions. They petitioned for membership in the Avengers and were inducted to replace a pair of departing founders. With the Avengers. Winda slowly emerged from her shell. She became close friends with many of the teams’ members, forging strong bonds that endure to this day. Whereas Magneto viewed Wanda merely as a means to an end, the Avengers valued her for her abilities.<br /><br />Seeking the stability that life had denied her thus far, Wanda fell in love with and married the Avenger’s “perfect man”—the synthetic humanoid known as the Vision. Fate intervened, however, and their marriage crumbled when the U.S. government dismantled the android, viewing him as a threat to world security. To carry on, Wanda was forced to find her own inner strength.<br /><br />Reserved, emotional and intense, Wanda has matured among the Avengers—attaining a greater degree of control over her unpredictable abilities, and often taking on a leadership role. But given her history, she can still feel like an outsider on occasion. The Avengers are her family, providing the only teal security and stability Wanda has ever known. Taken in despite her troubled past, she will always be grateful for their trust and unconditional friendship. No longer haunted by the sins of her youth or the failings of her father. Wanda is free to face the future as her own woman.<br />

Scarlet Witch - Magneto's Daughter

articlemostwanted - Wanda Maximoff and her twin brother Pietro, the children of Magneto, were horn without their father’s knowledge in the...

Pomegranate for Prostate, Heart Health and Antioxidant

Tukang Warta 0 antioxidant, health, Heart, herbal medicine, prostate 4/29/2014 09:45:00 PM

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<h1 class="chapter" id="c23">
<span class="medium"><i>Punica granatum</i></span></h1>
<div class="nonindent">
<span class="dropcaps">S</span>teeped in history 
and romance, pomegranate is native to the mountainous region that 
includes northern Iraq and northwest Iran. Sumerian cuneiform records 
reveal that pomegranates have been cultivated in the Middle East since 
approximately 3000 <span class="small">B.C</span>. For many centuries 
desert caravans carried the thick-walled fruits as a source of 
nutritious, thirst-quenching juice. In Egyptian art and mythology, the 
pomegranate symbolized abundance and unity. In early Christian, Jewish, 
and Islamic artistic traditions, the fruit represented blood, death, and
 the renewal of life. According to Greek mythology, Persephone, daughter
 of the goddess Demeter, makes the mistake of eating pomegranate seeds 
in the underworld, and so is eternally bound to that place for part of 
every year. The Romans named the fruit <i>Punica granatum</i>, or 
“seeds from Carthage,” possibly because that Phoenician city in North 
Africa was a source of fine pomegranates in the ancient world.<br />
</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c23-s01">
<b>Therapeutic Uses</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Prostate health</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Heart health</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Antioxidant</i></div>
<div class="extract">
The luscious pomegranate has been cherished as food 
and medicine for at least 4 millennia. Compared with other common fruit 
juices, pomegranate is one of the richest in antioxidant activity, with 
roughly 3 times that of red wine and green tea! Animal studies show that
 pomegranate juice and pomegranate flower extract offer strong 
protection against the progression of atherosclerosis. Studies
 on humans demonstrate a modest effect on blood pressure and 
inflammation reduction—reasons for adding pomegranate to a heart-healthy
 foods list.</div>
<div class="indent">
One of the most interesting areas of pomegranate 
research is prostate health. Laboratory and animal studies have shown 
that the fruit’s juice, peel, and oil all interfere with the spread of 
prostate cancer tumors. A 2-year study examined the effect of 8 ounces 
of pomegranate juice on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in 46 men
 who had received surgery or radiation therapy for prostate cancer. PSA 
levels are used as a marker after cancer treatment to determine if the 
cancer has returned. Treatments are deemed effective if they reduce PSA 
levels in prostate cancer patients and/or prolong the time it takes for 
the PSA level to double (indicating that progression of the cancer is 
slowing). Sixteen of 46 patients (35 percent) exhibited a decline in 
their PSA levels during treatment, while 4 of the 46 patients (2 
percent) achieved a PSA decline of more than 50 percent. Overall, PSA 
doubling time was significantly delayed in a majority of the men 
drinking the juice. After the 2-year study, those who continued to drink
 pomegranate juice had lower PSA levels than those who stopped. At the 
conclusion of the study, the mean PSA doubling time went from 15 to 54 
months, with no adverse events reported.</div>
<div class="indent">
In men, prostate cancer is the second leading cause of
 cancer-related death in the U.S. Seven government-funded studies are 
currently evaluating pomegranate’s role in treating prostate cancer.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c23-s02">
<b>How to Use</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Juice:</i> 8 ounces per day (the typical amount used in research studies).</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Capsules:</i> Generally, 2 to 3 g per day of powdered pomegranate capsules.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c23-s03">
<b>Precautions</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
There are no known safety issues with drinking pomegranate juice or with using pomegranate juice extracts.</div>

Pomegranate for Prostate, Heart Health and Antioxidant

Punica granatum S teeped in history and romance, pomegranate is native to the mountainous region that includes northern Iraq and nort...

Frill-necked Lizards

Tukang Warta 0 animal, strange 4/28/2014 11:32:00 PM

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Frill-necked lizards are almost a meter (3.3 feet) long with colors ranging from green to dark orange. <br />
<br />
They are all the same species though; the color varies to match the local vegetation. Frill- necked lizards have a fan of cartilage spines around their head, supporting a wide flap of skin. <br />
<br />
The spines are connected to the base of the tongue so, when he lizard gapes its mouth, the frill spreads wide. This is used to scare away predators and also for courtship signaling.<br />
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They are also the only lizards that can balance properly on two legs; other lizards can run on their hind legs but they fall forward as soon as they slow down.<br />
<br />
The <b>frill-necked lizard</b> (<i>Chlamydosaurus kingii</i>), also known as the <b>frilled lizard</b> or <b>frilled dragon</b>, is a type of lizard that is found mainly in northern Australia and southern New Guinea. This species is the only member of the genus <i>Chlamydosaurus</i>. Its name comes from the large frill around its neck, which usually stays folded against the lizard's body. It is largely arboreal, spending the majority of the time in the trees. The lizard's diet consists mainly of insects and small vertebrates.

Frill-necked Lizards

Frill-necked lizards are almost a meter (3.3 feet) long with colors ranging from green to dark orange. They are all the same species tho...

Awen, Axis Mundi and BA Symbol

Tukang Warta 0 ancient, mystery, symbol 4/24/2014 09:25:00 PM

<h3>
AWEN</h3>
<br />
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The Awen is related to many new Druid movements. The actual word, which is Welsh, means “inspiration” or “essence.” Related to the Breton symbol called the Triban and with a nod to the Trishul, the trident held by the Hindu deity, Shiva, the Awen is composed of three convergent rays, like paths, leading to a high point, a dot (or three dots) similar to the bindhu.<br /><br />Each ray carries various meanings, which are equally significant and come in sets of three. They stand for past, present, and future: love, knowledge, and truth: male and female energy and the balance between the two, or the three pillars of wisdom. Another interpretation of the symbol is of the three fundamental letters of the name of God, I, O, and U, which, when pronounced contribute to the actual word “Awen,” which can be intoned in much the same way as the Aum of Eastern tradition, used as a meditative focus.<br /><br />The Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids places the three lines and the three dots within three concentric rings, further amplifying the meaning of the symbol as well as placing it within protective, magical circles.<br /><br />
<h3>
AXIS MUNDI</h3>
<br />
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Quite literally, the Axis Mundi translates as the “World Axis,” the axis around which the world revolves and which links the Heavens to the Earth and the dominions below. It is a universal concept, often defined symbolically as a tree or standing stone, a mountain, the omphalos, the lingam, the Vajra, and the Pole Star. The solstices represent the World Axis in terms of time.<br /><br />
<h3>
BA</h3>
<br />
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For the Ancient Egyptians, the Ba was the symbolic representation of the soul. It takes the form of a small bird with the head of a human being. The Ba could fly between its owner and the Gods for as long as the body was intact. The Ba is twinned with the Ka. If the Ba represented the soul, then the Ka was the “life-force,” the spark of life that animated the body and whose departure resulted in death. The Ka was sustained with offerings of food and drink, although it was the “ka” or spirit of the food and drink that was consumed. In the Afterlife, the Ba and the Ka would be reunited to form one single entity.(amw)

Awen, Axis Mundi and BA Symbol

AWEN The Awen is related to many new Druid movements. The actual word, which is Welsh, means “inspiration” or “essence.” Related to the...

Alluvial Fan

Tukang Warta 0 Geo Encyclopedia, place 4/23/2014 10:27:00 PM

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<b>articlemostwanted </b>- THE U.S. COMMITTEE on Alluvial Fan Flooding recently defined an alluvial fan as “a sedimentary deposit located at a topographic break, such as the base of a mountain, escarpment, or valley side that is composed of stream flow and/or debris flow sediments and that has the shape of a fan either fully or partially extended.” <br /><br />The fanned or delta shape of alluvial deposits from mountains is formed over many thousands of years by downward-flowing waters or mud leaving the confines of their channel and spreading out into a wider area. The increase in the width of flow causes a decrease in the depth and velocity of the rushing water, which al-lows the deposition of sediment. This sediment consists of sand, debris, clay, and gravel carried by the stream or river from higher elevations, which can spread over hundreds of miles or kilometers. <br /><br />Erosion also plays a part in alluvial fan formation, as newer flows carry away or redistribute material de-posited earlier. Fans that sit inactive through climate changes and tectonic activity over many centuries are also subject to weathering and wind erosion. Alluvial fans are built unevenly; varying amounts and size of debris, volume of water, and placement of previous de-posits influence where the alluvium is left. Usually, the larger rocks are closest to the topographic break, while finer grains travel further before being deposited. Some areas of the fan build up more sediment than others over years. Overall, the slope of a fan is commonly under 10 degrees. A flash flood leaves a different pat-tern of deposits than a shallower and less violent stream of water. Alluvial fans can consist of evenly dropped sand or be riddled with channels and trenches of varying depths. The former is considered more dangerous, because the lack of paths for water makes predicting the pattern of future floods impossible. <br /><br />Alluvial fans are most often found at the base of hills and mountains in arid or desert environments or piedmont plains all over the world. They are very common in western North America; in PAKISTAN, IRAN, and other parts of the MIDDLE EAST; Europe, especially in SPAIN and ITALY; and the Andean areas of CHILE and AR-GENTINA. They form where highlands border lowlands, and where the lowland basin area is smaller than the highland area. Often in mountainous terrain, two or more alluvial fans merge or cross each other. This forms a feature called a bajada or bahada, which ex-tends into a flood plain. Like an alluvial fan, bajadas tend to be built of larger rocks and sediment near the mountains and channels that guide water to them, while finer silts mark their edges. <br /><br />In the UNITED STATES, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) can designate certain areas as natural hazards. After several catastrophic floods in the late 1970s, FEMA began to evaluate the risks of flooding to alluvial fans. Some fans that were still subject to flooding presented attractive, gentle slopes for commercial or residential development. FEMA now decides whether such sites are hazardous based upon how susceptible they are to alluvial flooding and flood occurrence over a 100-year cycle, and how predictable the course of the floods will be. <br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b>. Commission of Geoscience, Environment and Resources (CGER), Alluvial Fan Flooding (National Academies Press, 1996); Ronald U. Cooke and Andrew Warren, Geomorphology in Deserts (University of California Press, 1973); Richard J. Russell, River Plains and Sea Coasts (University of California Press, 1967); Martin Stokes, “Alluvial Fans,” www.alluvialfans.net (April 2004); U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Topographic Engineering Center, “Summary: Alluvial Features, Fans,” www.tec.army.mil (April 2004).</i></span>

Alluvial Fan

articlemostwanted - THE U.S. COMMITTEE on Alluvial Fan Flooding recently defined an alluvial fan as “a sedimentary deposit located at a to...

ARISTOPHANES

Tukang Warta 0 ancient, history, people 4/22/2014 09:58:00 PM

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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(b. c. 450 BCE—d. c. 388 BCE) </span></div>
<br />Aristophanes is the greatest representative of ancient Greek comedy, and the one whose works have been preserved in greatest quantity. He is the only extant representative of the Old Comedy, that is, of the phase of comic dramaturgy in which chorus, mime, and burlesque still played a considerable part and which was characterized by bold fantasy, merciless invective and outrageous satire, unabashedly licentious humor, and a marked freedom of political criticism. But Aristophanes belongs to the end of this phase, and, indeed, his last extant play, which has no choric element at all, may well be regarded as the only extant specimen of the short-lived Middle Comedy, which, before the end of the 4th century BCE, was to be superseded in turn by the milder and more realistic social satire of the New Comedy. <br /><br />Little is known about the life of Aristophanes, and most of the known facts are derived from references in his own plays. He was an Athenian citizen belonging to the deme, or clan, named Pandionis, but his actual birthplace is uncertain. (The fact that he or his father, Philippus, owned property on the island of Aegina may have been the cause of an accusation by his fellow citizens that he was not of Athenian birth.) He began his dramatic career in 427 BCE with a play, the Daitaleis (The Banqueters), which appears, from surviving fragments, to have been a satire on his con-temporaries’ educational and moral theories. He is thought to have written about 40 plays in all. <br /><br />A large part of his work is concerned with the social, literary, and philosophical life of Athens itself and with themes provoked by the great Peloponnesian War (431–404 BCE). This war was essentially a conflict between imperialist Athens and conservative Sparta, and so was long the dominant issue in Athenian politics. Aristophanes was naturally an opponent of the more or less bellicose states-men who controlled the government of Athens throughout the better part of his maturity. Aristophanes lived to see the revival of Athens after its defeat by Sparta. <br /><br />Aristophanes’ reputation has stood the test of time. His plays have been frequently produced on the 20th- and 21st-century stage in numerous translations, which manage with varying degrees of success to convey the flavor of Aristophanes’ puns, witticisms, and topical allusions. But it is not easy to say why his comedies still appeal to an audience more than two millennia after they were written. In the matter of plot construction, Aristophanes’ comedies are often loosely put together, are full of inconsequential episodes, and often degenerate at their end into a series of disconnected and boisterous episodes. <br /><br />Aristophanes’ great-ness lies in the wittiness of his dialogue; his generally good-humored though occasionally malevolent satire; the brilliance of his parody, especially when he mocks the controversial tragedian Euripides; the ingenuity and inventiveness, not to say the laughable absurdity, of his comic scenes born of imaginative fantasy; the peculiar charm of his choric songs, whose freshness can still be conveyed in languages other than Greek; and, at least for audiences of a permissive age, the licentious frankness of many scenes and allusions in his comedies. Among his plays are Wasps (422 BCE), which satirized the litigiousness of the Athenians in the person of a mean and waspish old man who has a passion for serving on juries, and Lysistrata (411 BCE), in which the women of Athens seize the Acropolis and the city’s treasury and declare a sex strike until such time as the men will make peace. Lysistrata achieves a mixture of humor, indecency, gravity, and farce that marks many of Aristophanes’ plays.

ARISTOPHANES

(b. c. 450 BCE—d. c. 388 BCE) Aristophanes is the greatest representative of ancient Greek comedy, and the one whose works have been pre...

Quicksilver - an Honorable Man and a Hero at Heart

Tukang Warta 0 comics, marvel 4/21/2014 09:12:00 PM

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<b>articlemostwanted </b>- Orphaned at birth, Pietro and Wanda Maximoff were raised by gypsies. As adolescents, the twins discovered they possessed unusual superhuman abilities. Wanda could cause strange phenomena to occur, and Pietro moved faster than the blink of an eye. When their adoptive father stole food to feed his starving family, enraged villagers attacked the gypsy camp. Using his incredible speed, Pietro took flight with his sister. For the next few years, they wandered Central Europe, living life on the run.<br /><br />Visiting a small village, Wanda accidentally caused a house to burst into flame with her uncontrollable hex-casting abilities. Despite Pietro’s attempts to defend his sister from superstitious townspeople, the siblings soon were overpowered. They were about to be killed when Magneto arrived on the scene and rescued the young mutants. Fearing the charismatic subversive’s wrath, the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver served their new master out of obligation. As members of Magnetos Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, they aided and abetted his terrorist campaign against humanity.<br /><br />When the Brotherhood disbanded, Pietro and Wanda recognized the error of their ways and sought redemption for their actions. No longer pawns in a madman’s quest for power, they successfully petitioned for membership in the Avengers. Only later did they discover the truth regarding their parentage. Hoping to sway Pietro and Wanda to rejoin his crusade against humanity, Magneto confronted them with the revelation that he was their true father, but they denounced him and his cause.<br /><br />Gifted with the ability to think and move at superhuman speeds, the quick-tempered Pietro is uncomfortable standing still. Plagued by impulsive decisions and rash actions, Quicksilver strives to achieve a semblance of equilibrium in his life. So far, such balance has eluded him. Undermined by neglect and infidelity, Pietro’s marriage to Crystal of the In humans was doomed to fail despite repeated attempts at reconciliation and the birth of their daughter Luna.<br /><br />Pietro bears the heavy burden of his father’s legacy—and his own shortcomings as a man, a husband and a father. Still, Quicksilver continues to forge ahead—seeking direction, purpose and a life outside Magneto’s shadow. Often considered arrogant, unlikable and overconfident, he does not care how others perceive him. His father’s son, Pietro has inherited Magneto’s poise, confidence and strength. Although sometimes frightened by what he sees in the mirror, he is a reflection of the man his father once was—and would have been, had he not given in to the hare and anguish that eventually corrupted his soul. Pietro’s has been a turbulent life, but he has made peace with who and what he truly is; an honorable man and a hero at heart.

Quicksilver - an Honorable Man and a Hero at Heart

articlemostwanted - Orphaned at birth, Pietro and Wanda Maximoff were raised by gypsies. As adolescents, the twins discovered they possess...

Peppermint for Indigestion, Irritable bowel syndrome, Muscle aches, Tension headache, Colds and coughs

Tukang Warta 0 Colds and coughs, health, herbal medicine, Indigestion, Irritable bowel syndrome, Muscle aches, Tension headache 4/20/2014 09:46:00 PM

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<h1 class="chapter" id="c22">
<span class="medium"><i>Mentha x piperita</i></span></h1>
<div class="nonindent">
<span class="dropcaps">P</span>eppermint is the 
aromatic plant that gives the candy of the same name its cool, 
refreshing taste. It is one of more than two dozen species of mint that 
belong to the genus <i>Mentha</i>. The name comes from Minthe, a nymph
 in Greek mythology who has the misfortune to be loved by Hades, god of 
the underworld, and subsequently was turned into an insignificant little
 plant by Hades’s jealous wife. According to the story, Hades tries to 
make it up to Minthe by sweetly scenting her small, green leaves. While 
several mints appear to have been cultivated since the time of the 
ancient Egyptians, peppermint is a relative newcomer. A natural hybrid 
of two other mint species, it was discovered in England in 1696. 
Cultivation of peppermint spread rapidly across Europe, and colonists 
transported the herb to the New World. Today, peppermint ranks near the 
top of the world’s favorite flavorings. It is also a respected herbal 
remedy for upset stomach and other digestive issues.<br />
</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c22-s01">
<b>Therapeutic Uses</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Indigestion</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Irritable bowel syndrome</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Colds and coughs</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Muscle aches</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tension headache</i></div>
<div class="extract">
Peppermint is a long-standing digestive herbal 
remedy. This aromatic herb calms the muscles of the digestive tract and 
improves the flow of bile from the gallbladder, thus helping the body to
 digest fats. It is for these reasons that peppermint alleviates 
intestinal gas, reduces abdominal cramping, and can 
settle an upset stomach. Studies show that peppermint oil, especially 
when combined with caraway seed oil, is equal or superior to 
conventional treatments for indigestion.</div>
<div class="indent">
Peppermint oil is the most widely studied herbal 
product for treating irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), characterized by 
recurring abdominal pain along with bouts of constipation, diarrhea, or 
both. IBS disproportionately affects women, and there are few effective 
treatments. The majority of clinical studies show that peppermint oil is
 superior to placebo and equivalent to prescription medications for 
improving IBS, especially when diarrhea is the predominant symptom. 
Peppermint oil is very well tolerated.</div>
<div class="indent">
Peppermint and its active constituent, menthol, are 
good for the respiratory system. A cup of warm peppermint tea can thin 
mucus, help loosen phlegm, and relieve a stuffy nose. The Food and Drug 
Administration approves the use of mentholated ointments, lozenges, and 
steam inhalants for coughs. Applied to neck and chest, the vapors 
quickly relieve coughing. Applied topically in products such as BENGAY 
and Tiger Balm, peppermint also soothes the skin, reducing itching from 
bug bites or poison ivy and relieving arthritis and headache.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c22-s02">
<b>How to Use</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tea:</i> Pour 1 cup boiling water over 1 
teaspoon dried peppermint leaves, or 6 to 8 fresh leaves. Steep for 10 
minutes. Strain and cool. Enjoy 2 to 3 times per day after meals.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Capsules:</i> 500 to 1,000 mg dried peppermint
 leaf taken after meals. Sustained-release peppermint oil capsules are 
used for IBS. In studies, 0.2 ml peppermint oil was given 2 to 3 times a
 day with meals.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Lozenges:</i> For sore throat and cough, lozenges should contain 5 to 10 mg menthol. Children under 2 should not be given menthol products.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Topical:</i> Ointments and rubs are available. Apply 2 to 3 times daily, or as directed.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c22-s03">
<b>Precautions</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
Do not use peppermint if you have gastroesophageal 
reflux disease (GERD) or if you have a hiatal hernia, as peppermint can 
make heartburn worse. Note: Never apply peppermint oil to the face of an
 infant or small child under the age of 5, as it may cause spasms that 
inhibit breathing.</div>

Peppermint for Indigestion, Irritable bowel syndrome, Muscle aches, Tension headache, Colds and coughs

Mentha x piperita P eppermint is the aromatic plant that gives the candy of the same name its cool, refreshing taste. It is one of mo...

Aye-aye Woodpecker Fingers

Tukang Warta 0 animal, strange, unique 4/17/2014 08:38:00 PM

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The aye-aye is the largest nocturnal primate. When leaping from tree to tree, it uses its excellent night vision, but when hunting for food it switches to a form of echolocation.<br />
<br />
Aye-ayes eat insect larvae that burrow in tree trunks. To find them they use their middle finger, which is especially long, as well as thin and bony.<br />
<br />
By rapidly tapping on the trunk they send vibrations through the wood. After each tap, the fingernail drags lightly along the bark to sense the return echoes and the aye-aye’s huge ears enfold the target area to listen for changes in the pitch of the drumming sound.<br />
<br />
When it finds a hollow channel, the aye-aye uses its forward-slanting teeth to gnaw a hole in the bark and its long finger then does double duty as a specialised winkling tool to extract the juicy grub inside

Aye-aye Woodpecker Fingers

The aye-aye is the largest nocturnal primate. When leaping from tree to tree, it uses its excellent night vision, but when hunting for foo...

ATHANOR, ATHEIST SYMBOL, ATLANTIS CROSS and AWEN

Tukang Warta 0 ancient, history, mystery, symbol 4/16/2014 10:21:00 PM

<br />
<h2 class="left">
A<small>THANOR</small></h2>
<div class="image" id="image044">
<div class="indent">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ46753yS8ftmz4xXROYOldTb6tRJW-paLjdy8OqrUZM5s1X9AIf4PJ6WYkQKNbDu4m1Kv7IXtZrYgd2mJG3Gq_3oMRitiBuVtlXN7xNJR_JcOH45WrMaaeawaWQU07Js11IDh-wf-6vY/s1600/17-athanor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ46753yS8ftmz4xXROYOldTb6tRJW-paLjdy8OqrUZM5s1X9AIf4PJ6WYkQKNbDu4m1Kv7IXtZrYgd2mJG3Gq_3oMRitiBuVtlXN7xNJR_JcOH45WrMaaeawaWQU07Js11IDh-wf-6vY/s1600/17-athanor.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="indent">
A key symbol of alchemy, the Athanor is the furnace 
of the Alchemists. However, as with everything else in alchemy, the 
Athanor is no simple piece of laboratory equipment. Regarded as the 
vessel in which transmutation takes place, the Athanor exists on a 
metaphysical level, too, as the Orphic Egg or as a place of ultimate 
creation, a kind of universal womb.
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="left">
A<small>THEIST SYMBOL</small></h2>
<div class="image" id="image045">
<div class="indent">
</div>
<div class="caption">
</div>
</div>
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkzNoYqpQwz17wnZKDY7himheXddN8YbdIgwzONrus-x4PqD1528dBxcmTS4EQDXToGtML1hBkI00_zbRMbPum6mlU3jRetpqXLhTVqbjK35AUigkx-TNjO0lxs-LUCxmvWT8q7XtMig/s1600/17-atheist-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXkzNoYqpQwz17wnZKDY7himheXddN8YbdIgwzONrus-x4PqD1528dBxcmTS4EQDXToGtML1hBkI00_zbRMbPum6mlU3jRetpqXLhTVqbjK35AUigkx-TNjO0lxs-LUCxmvWT8q7XtMig/s1600/17-atheist-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
Based on the atomic swirl, this is the symbol of the
 American Atheist Association, although it is used by other such 
organizations too. It represents the idea that science is the only thing
 that can show the way forward to a better life for everyone. The broken
 loop at the bottom of the symbol represents the idea that there are 
questions yet to be asked and yet to be answered.</div>
<h2 class="left">
A<small>TLANTIS CROSS</small></h2>
<br />
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBchdiZFQbhMir8klslezJ4Npdb9oJp8GlT5ueFTCA-5RUuRYcc9GeCj1MTczNH6jAdpAL0KUBpkZvFwK7taeQLUxXgnQpoHAjrL7n1qAHJcTGs9dNlDAXK2YHK6mRW2hOPttPSnoYbRA/s1600/17-atlantis-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBchdiZFQbhMir8klslezJ4Npdb9oJp8GlT5ueFTCA-5RUuRYcc9GeCj1MTczNH6jAdpAL0KUBpkZvFwK7taeQLUxXgnQpoHAjrL7n1qAHJcTGs9dNlDAXK2YHK6mRW2hOPttPSnoYbRA/s1600/17-atlantis-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
This symbol, comprised of a cross
 intersected by three circles, is a sign of recognition among groups who
 claim an Atlantean descent; that is to say, people who believe that 
they are descended, literally or spiritually, from inhabitants of the lost
 island of Atlantis. The crossed circle that forms a main feature of 
this symbol represents the four elements and the four directions.</div>
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="noindent">
</div>
<h2 class="left">
A<small>WEN</small></h2>
<div class="image" id="image047">
<div class="indent">
</div>
<div class="caption">
</div>
</div>
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="noindent">
The Awen is related to many new Druid movements. The
 actual word, which is Welsh, means “inspiration” or “essence.” Related 
to the Breton symbol called the Triban and with a nod to the Trishul, 
the trident held by the Hindu deity, Shiva, the Awen is composed of 
three convergent rays, like paths, leading to a high point, a dot (or 
three dots) similar to the bindhu.</div>
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="indent">
Each ray carries various meanings, which are equally 
significant and come in sets of three. They stand for past, present, and
 future: love, knowledge, and truth: male and female energy and the 
balance between the two, or the three pillars of wisdom. Another 
interpretation of the symbol is of the three fundamental letters of the 
name of God, I, O, and U, which, when pronounced contribute to the 
actual word “Awen,” which can be intoned in much the same way as the Aum
 of Eastern tradition, used as a meditative focus.</div>
<div class="indent">
<br /></div>
<div class="indent">
The Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids places the 
three lines and the three dots within three concentric rings, further 
amplifying the meaning of the symbol as well as placing it within 
protective, magical circles.</div>
<br />

ATHANOR, ATHEIST SYMBOL, ATLANTIS CROSS and AWEN

A THANOR A key symbol of alchemy, the Athanor is the furnace of the Alchemists. However, as with everything else in alchemy, the ...

Algeria - SAHARA DESERT Country

Tukang Warta 0 Geo Encyclopedia, place 4/15/2014 09:30:00 PM

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Area 1,479,945 square mi (2,381,740 square km) Population 32,277,942 Capital Algiers Highest Point 9,852 ft (3,003 m) Lowest Point -131 ft (-40 m) GDP per capita $5,600 Primary Natural Resources petroleum and natural gas, mining. WITH MORE THAN 80 percent of its land covered by the SAHARA DESERT in northern Africa, Algeria is a country with a history of trade, faith, and conflict. Bor-dered to the north by the MEDITERRANEAN SEA, Algeria lies between MOROCCO to the west and TUNISIA to the east. Occupying a geographic area of 919,595 square mi (2,381,740 square km), Algeria is the second-largest country in Africa, after SUDAN. <br /><br />Dominated by the Sahara, Algeria is mostly high plateau with some mountains and a narrow coastal plain along the Mediterranean that has played a major role in the region’s history. Strategic Roman outposts dotted Algeria’s coast until Emperor Trajan (19–117 C.E.) spread his legions building distant desert cities like Thamugadi (Timgad) and Cuicul (Djemila); these im-posing ruins still stand amid sand dunes and oil rigs. However, commanding these Roman settlements was not easy: Native Berber resistance to their presence was constant. <br /><br />Algeria’s Roman cities not only secured Roman in-volvement in the regional political theater, but also produced some of the Mediterranean’s most distin-guished personalities, including Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430), one of Christianity’s most notable theologians. Later besieged by Vandals in 429, fol-lowed by Byzantine troops 100 years later, Algeria has been a battlefield for citizenry against intruders for more than 2,000 years. <br /><br />
<h3>
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY </h3>
Algeria’s earliest inhabitants were Berbers who re-mained in the mountainous regions through Roman, Vandal, and Byzantine raids and colonization. Even during Arab expansion and the spread of Islam during the 7th century, the Berbers managed to stay distant, preserving much of their culture, and to this day they represent 30 percent of Algeria’s population and a growing voice throughout the country. After Arab, Ot-toman Turk, and Spanish influence, the French conquered Algeria in 1830. This protectorate of France en-dured cultural concession, oppression and compromise until the struggle for independence began in 1954. Fo-mented by the National Liberation Front (FLN), Alge-ria gained its political freedom eight long years later in 1962. <br /><br />Since the late 1980s, Algerian politics have been managed by a discomforting antagonism between mil-itary and Islamic militants. In 1992, a victory by the Is-lamist Party was rescinded, setting off bloodshed that killed thousands of citizens. Only after national amnesty was declared were the weapons laid down on both sides. <br /><br />After political instability and the natural death of President Boumediene in 1980, his closest friend and minister of foreign affairs, Abedlaziz Bouteflika, was forced into exile, only to return eight years later to work with the FLN Congress. In 1999, he was elected president and reelected in 2004. In 2002, after months of unrest among the Berber communities, the govern-ment recognized Berber as an official language, shap-ing a new focus on its unique culture and history. <br /><br />Though the country is nearly 10 times the size of CALIFORNIA, Algeria’s narrow Mediterranean coast is today home to most of the activity: cities, farms, ports, and highways. With a lucrative export trade overshad-owing its low import levels, Algeria’s industrial sector has been strong since oil was discovered in 1956. Alge-ria’s extensive supplies now rank worldwide as fifth in gas reserves and 14th in oil, which have dramatically increased the gross domestic product. Oil and gas wells are primarily located inland, with an extensive pipeline network feeding the ports of Arzew and Skikda. Petro-leum, petrochemicals, and natural gas are Algeria’s largest exports. <br /><br /><i>BIBLIOGRAPHY. World Factbook (CIA, 2003); J. McGuin-ness, Footprint Marrakech & the High Atlas Handbook (Footprint Press, 2001); Ken Park, ed., World Almanac and Book of Facts (World Almanac Publishing, 2004). </i>

Algeria - SAHARA DESERT Country

Area 1,479,945 square mi (2,381,740 square km) Population 32,277,942 Capital Algiers Highest Point 9,852 ft (3,003 m) Lowest Point -131 ft...

SOPHOCLES – With his Hundreds of Drama Colored by Tragic Irony

Tukang Warta 0 history, people 4/14/2014 10:13:00 PM

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<br /><b>articlemostwanted</b> - (b. c. 496 BCE, Colonus, near Athens [Greece]—d. 406 BCE, Athens) <br />Sophocles, one of classical Athens’s great tragic play-wrights, was born in a village outside the walls of Athens, where his father, Sophillus, was a wealthy manufacturer of armor. Sophocles was wealthy from birth, highly educated, noted for his grace and charm, on easy terms with the leading families, and a personal friend of prominent statesmen. Because of his beauty of physique, his athletic prowess, and his skill in music, he was chosen in 480, when he was 16, to lead the paean (choral chant to a god) celebrating the decisive Greek sea victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis. <br /><br />The relatively meagre information about Sophocles’ civic life suggests that he was a popular favorite who participated actively in his community and exercised outstanding artistic talents. In 442 he served as one of the treasurer’s responsible for receiving and managing tribute money from Athens’s subject-allies in the Delian League. In 440 he was elected one of the 10 strategoi (high executive officials who commanded the armed forces) as a junior colleague of Pericles. Sophocles later served as strategos perhaps twice again. In 413, then aged about 83, Sophocles was a proboulos, one of 10 advisory commissioners who were granted special powers and were entrusted with organizing Athens’s financial and domestic recovery after its terrible defeat at Syracuse in Sicily. These few facts, which are about all that is known of Sophocles’ life, imply steady and distinguished attachment to Athens, its government, religion, and social forms. <br /><br />Sophocles won his first victory at the Dionysian dramatic festival in 468, however, defeating the great Aeschylus in the process. This began a career of unparalleled success and longevity. In total, Sophocles wrote 123 dramas for the festivals. Since each author who was chosen to enter the competition usually presented four plays, this means he must have competed about 30 times. Sophocles won perhaps as many as 24 victories, compared to 13 for Aeschylus, and indeed he may have never received lower than second place in the competitions he entered. <br />
<br />Ancient authorities credit Sophocles with several major and minor dramatic innovations. Among the latter is his invention of some type of “scene paintings” or other pictorial prop to establish locale or atmosphere. He also may have increased the size of the chorus from 12 to 15 members. Sophocles’ major innovation was his introduction of a third actor into the dramatic performance. It had previously been permissible for two actors to “double” (i.e., assume other roles during a play), but the addition of a third actor onstage enabled the dramatist both to increase the number of his characters and widen the variety of their interactions. The scope of the dramatic conflict was thereby extended, plots could be more fluid, and situations could be more complex. <br />
<br />The typical Sophoclean drama presents a few characters, impressive in their determination and power, and possessing a few strongly drawn qualities or faults that combine with a particular set of circumstances to lead them inevitably to a tragic fate. Sophocles develops his characters’ rush to tragedy with great economy, concentration, and dramatic effectiveness, creating a coherent, suspenseful situation whose sustained and inexorable onrush came to epitomize the tragic form to the classical world. Sophocles emphasizes that most people lack wisdom, and he presents truth in collision with ignorance, delusion, and folly. Many scenes dramatize laws or failure in thinking (deceptive reports and rumors, false optimism, hasty judgment, madness). The chief character does something involving grave error; this affects others, each of whom reacts in his own way, thereby causing the chief agent to take another step toward ruin—his own and that of others as well. Equally important, those who are to suffer from the tragic error usually are present at the time or belong to the same generation. It was this more complex type of tragedy that demanded a third actor. Sophocles thus abandoned the spacious Aeschylean framework of the connected trilogy and instead comprised the entire action in a single play. <br />
<br />Sophocles’ language responds flexibly to the dramatic needs of the moment. It can be ponderously weighty or swift-moving, emotionally intense or easygoing, highly decorative or perfectly plain and simple. His mastery of form and diction was highly respected by his contemporaries. Sophocles has also been admired for the sympathy and vividness with which he delineates his characters; especially notable are his tragic women, such as Electra and Antigone. Few dramatists have been able to handle situation and plot with more power and certainty; the frequent references in the Poetics to Sophocles’ Oedipus the King show that Aristotle regarded this play as a master-piece of construction, and few later critics have dissented. <br />
<br />Sophocles is also unsurpassed in his moments of high dramatic tension and in his revealing use of tragic irony. <br />In one of his last plays, Oedipus at Colonus, he still affectionately praises both his own birthplace and the great city itself. Sophocles’ last recorded act was to lead a chorus in public mourning for his deceased rival, Euripides, before the festival of 406. He died that same year.

SOPHOCLES – With his Hundreds of Drama Colored by Tragic Irony

articlemostwanted - (b. c. 496 BCE, Colonus, near Athens [Greece]—d. 406 BCE, Athens) Sophocles, one of classical Athens’s great tragic p...

Hank Pym - Genius Marvel's Hero

Tukang Warta 0 comics, marvel 4/13/2014 06:29:00 PM

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<b>articlemostwanted </b>- Biochemist Hank Pym discovered a rare group of subatomic particles, from which he formulated a size— altering serum. Testing the solution on himself, he found it was far more powerful than he had hypothesized. Reduced unexpectedly to the size of an insect, Hank became trapped in an anthill and narrowly escaped its inhabitants. <br /><br />Hank then undertook an exhaustive study of ants, devising a cybernetic helmet that enabled him to communicate with insects. Forced to employ his size-changing serum and new invention to prevent the theft of his research, Hank was inspired to embark on a career as the costumed adventurer Ant-Man.<br /><br />When one of his colleagues was murdered, Hank shared the secret C)f his double life with the man’s daughter, Janet Van Dyne, and empowered her to avenge her father’s death. As the Wasp, Janet helped Ant—Man bring the killer to justice. The duo continued their partnership, and Hank and Janet eventually fell in love, and later married. After Ant-Man and the Wasp helped found the Avengers, Flank developed a second serum that enabled him to grow to greater-than-normal heights and adopted the guise of Giant-Man, and later Goliath. Eventually. Hank learned he and Janet no longer required the formula to use their powers due to years of exposure to the size- altering properties of Pym Particles.<br /><br />As Hank’s abilities fluctuated between growth and size reduction, he remained an intellectual at heart. But his single—minded pursuit of scientific excellence resulted in the scientist’s greatest failure: the self—aware, artificially intelligent android Ultron. Possessing the capacity for creative thought, Pym’s creation set out to wipe humanity from the face of the Earth, replacing organic life with robotic life. Turning against its creator, Ultron became one of the Avengers’ most formidable adversaries. Years later, it was revealed that Hank had based Ultron’s brain patterns on his own: Ultron is Flank stripped of conscience and morality.<br /><br />Ultron plagued Hank for years, pushing him to the brink of insanity and beyond. Wracked with guilt and haunted by the actions of his rogue creation, Hank spent years attempting to atone for the lives destroyed by Ultron. His psyche further splintered by a freak laboratory accident, Hank adopted yet another costumed identity that of the swashbuckling Yellowjacket. Ultimately, his intense feelings of remorse over the invention of Ultron and increasing emotional instability destroyed Hank’s marriage to Janet.<br /><br />After Ultron decimated the Eastern European nation of Slorenia, exterminating every living being in the country, Hank pummeled the robot into submission, finally putting the past to rest. His scarred psyche began to heal, and Hank settled on the identity of Yellowjacket to symbolize his new mental state. He and Janet are once again romantically linked, hut have no immediate plans to remarry. Having achieved equilibrium in his life, Hank now strives to balance his responsibilities as companion, scientist and Avenger.<br /><br /><b>Real Name</b>: Henry Pym<br /><b>First Appearance:</b> Tales to Astonish #27 (1962)<br /><b>Height:</b> 6"<br /><b>Weight: </b>185 lbs.<br /><b>Eye Color:</b> Blue<br /><b>Hair Color:</b> Blond<br /><br />
<h3>
Powers/Weapon</h3>
<ul>
<li>Growth/size reduction, to a maximum height of 100 feet or the stature of an ant</li>
<li>Superhuman strength at enlarged size; maintains the strength a normal-sized human at reduced height</li>
<li>Genius-level intellect</li>
</ul>

Hank Pym - Genius Marvel's Hero

articlemostwanted - Biochemist Hank Pym discovered a rare group of subatomic particles, from which he formulated a size— altering serum. T...

Parsley for Kidney stones, Diuretic, Urinary tract infections and High blood pressure

Tukang Warta 0 Diuretic, health, herbal medicine, High blood pressure, Kidney stones, Urinary tract infections 4/13/2014 12:39:00 AM

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<h1 class="chapter" id="c21">
<span class="medium"><i>Petroselinum crispum</i></span></h1>
<div class="nonindent">
<span class="dropcaps">W</span>ith leaves either 
curly or flat, parsley is one of the world’s most widely used herbs. It 
is an essential ingredient in many Middle Eastern, European, and 
American dishes. Parsley also has become a nearly ubiquitous garnish, 
typically ignored, on plates of restaurant food. The ancient Greeks 
treated parsley with far more respect. Associating the herb with death 
and oblivion, they believed it to be sacred to the dead. Over the 
centuries, parsley attracted other superstitions. Pluck a sprig of 
parsley while chanting the name of an enemy, and you could bring about 
his or her demise. Transplant it, give it away, or pick it when in love,
 and disaster of some sort would inevitably follow. The Romans appear to
 have been the first to use parsley as a culinary herb, and its 
cultivation spread slowly north and east. By the Middle Ages, parsley 
had been elevated from an ingredient in sauces and salads to a respected
 medicinal herb. Today, parsley is still used for health problems, 
including urinary tract infections.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c21-s01">
<b>Therapeutic Uses</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Kidney stones</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Diuretic</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Urinary tract infections</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>High blood pressure</i></div>
<div class="extract">
This mild-tasting herb is the plant to turn to when 
suffering from one of the body’s most excruciating conditions—kidney 
stones. The pain is relieved in various ways through parsley’s medicinal
 effects. All parts of the parsley plant—leaf, root, and seeds—contain 
fragrant oils that have diuretic effects, may 
increase blood flow to the kidney, and reduce inflammation of the 
urinary tract. Only the root, however, has been approved for use as a 
diuretic by Germany’s Commission E, which oversees the efficacy and 
effectiveness of medicinal herbs. With diuresis, and possibly through 
irritation of the inside of the urinary tract, the movement of kidney 
stones may be facilitated. Parsley’s diuretic, circulatory, and 
anti-inflammatory effects also contribute to its ability to fight 
infections of the urinary tract, such as cystitis. In theory, parsley’s 
diuretic properties might help in lowering blood pressure.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c21-s02">
<b>How to Use</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Food:</i> Parsley is first and foremost a 
food, a fresh or dried herb that is part of recipes in many cultures. It
 is possible that some of the medicinal effects are obtained in this 
way, though higher doses are usually recommended. Conditions of the 
urinary tract, for example, require approximately 6 g daily of parsley 
leaves or roots.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tincture:</i> Generally, alcohol extracts, or tinctures, of parsley are dosed at 1 to 2 ml, 3 times daily.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Capsules:</i> 450 to 900 mg of parsley leaf, up to 3 times daily.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tea:</i> Pour 1 cup of boiling water over ¼ 
cup (or 2 to 3 tablespoons) fresh parsley leaves. Let stand for 5 
minutes, strain, and drink, up to 3 times daily. Tea can be sweetened if
 desired.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c21-s03">
<b>Precautions</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
Parsley may stimulate both menstrual flow and the 
uterus, so it is not appropriate for pregnant women. Parsley may react 
with sunlight on the skin to cause a rash, particularly in 
lighter-skinned people. The varied effects that parsley has on the 
kidneys warrant caution in anyone with kidney disease. In order to 
prevent an unsafe drop in blood pressure, care also should be exercised 
if parsley is used with high-blood-pressure medications.<br />
<br />
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Parsley for Kidney stones, Diuretic, Urinary tract infections and High blood pressure

Petroselinum crispum W ith leaves either curly or flat, parsley is one of the world’s most widely used herbs. It is an essential ingr...

ASSON, ASTRUM ARGENTUM SEAL, ATHAME and ATHANOR

Tukang Warta 0 ancient, fact, mystery, symbol 4/10/2014 09:02:00 PM

<br />
<h2 class="left">
A<small>SSON</small></h2>
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<div class="indent">
<br /></div>
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</div>
</div>
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<div class="noindent">
For practitioners of Voudon, the asson is a sacred 
rattle, made from a large dried-out gourd with seeds inside, and covered
 with beads and snake bones. It is used in important rites and 
ceremonies and is itself a symbol of the authority of the Houngan, the 
Voudon priest who is considered the Chief of the Spirits. The asson is 
the equivalent of the scepter. It is a larger object than the musical 
instrument called the cha cha, although they do have a similar 
appearance.</div>
<h2 class="left">
A<small>STRUM</small> A<small>RGENTUM SEAL</small></h2>
<div class="noindent">
 This is the seal that was designed by Aleister 
Crowley as the emblem of his Esoterical Magickal Order, the Astrum 
Argentum, or “Silver Star.” The seal uses a seven-pointed star as the 
basis of its design. <i>See also</i> Cancellarius seal.</div>
<br />
<h2 class="left">
A<small>THAME</small></h2>
<div class="image" id="image043">
<div class="indent">
<br /></div>
<div class="caption">
</div>
</div>
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<div class="noindent">
This is the ceremonial knife used by a witch. It 
generally has a black handle, and is used to mark a magical circle, for 
example, or to direct energy, but is never used to cut anything. For 
physical cutting, a boline is used. The pointed shape of the blade of 
the athame suggests the element of fire, which it also symbolizes. The 
athame is balanced by the chalice, which represents water.</div>
<h2 class="left">
A<small>THANOR</small></h2>
<div class="image" id="image044">
<div class="indent">
<br /></div>
<div class="caption">
</div>
</div>
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<div class="noindent">
A key symbol of alchemy, the Athanor is the furnace 
of the Alchemists. However, as with everything else in alchemy, the 
Athanor is no simple piece of laboratory equipment. Regarded as the 
vessel in which transmutation takes place, the Athanor exists on a 
metaphysical level, too, as the Orphic Egg or as a place of ultimate 
creation, a kind of universal womb.<br />
<br />
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ASSON, ASTRUM ARGENTUM SEAL, ATHAME and ATHANOR

A SSON For practitioners of Voudon, the asson is a sacred rattle, made from a large dried-out gourd with seeds inside, and cove...

Aleutian Islands

Tukang Warta 0 Geo Encyclopedia, place 4/09/2014 09:19:00 PM

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<b>articlemostwanted </b>- KNOWN AS THE Catherine Archipelago until 1900, the Aleutian Islands comprise some 150 islands in four groups, which are, in order of proximity to the main-land: the Fox, Andreanof, Rat, and Near Islands. The name probably derives from the Chukchi word aliat, meaning “island.”<br />
<br />
Geographically, the islands  separate the Bering Sea from the PACIFIC OCEAN. They extend in an arc about 1,600 mi (2,560 km) into the Bering Sea off the west coast of ALASKA, to which they belong po-litically. Their total area is 6,821 square mi (17,666 square km) and the total population is approximately 12,050. <br />
<br />
Geologically, the islands comprise limited sedimen-tary and metamorphic rocks but are mainly volcanic in origin and are located at the junction between the Pa-cific and North American tectonic plates. They are characterized by volcanic peaks representing a contin-uation of the Aleutian range of mainland Alaska. Some volcanic peaks remain active, including Makushin on Unalaska and Shishaldin on Unimak, which are the largest islands in the Fox group. <br />
<br />
Climatically, the Aleutians are oceanic, with annual temperatures ranging on average from 30 degrees F (–1 degrees C) in January to 52 degrees F (11 degrees C ) in August. There is a 135-day growing season between May and September and annual rainfall is 80 in (2.03 m) with rain occurring all year with abundant fog. The natural vegetation is a mixture of Asian and American species comprising dwarf shrubs with grass-, sedge-, and herb-rich meadows in the lowlands and mosses, lichens, and alpine herbs in the uplands. Most of the is-lands are within the Aleutian Biosphere Reserve and Wildlife Refuge, which contains a unique mixture of marine birds and mammals. <br />
<br />
The islands were colonized at least 8,000 years ago by hunter-gatherers migrating east from Asia when sea levels were considerably lower than today. The native people, the Ungangans, encountered by European ex-plorers in the 1700s were named Aleuts. In 1741, the first European arrivals were Vitus Bering, a Danish sea-farer in Russian employ, and Alexei Chirikov; they captained separate ships and each discovered different islands. Bering was shipwrecked and died on what is now called Bering Island in the adjacent Russian-owned Komandorski Islands. <br />
<br />
Thereafter, Siberian fur trappers established bases as Russia extended its influence in North America, leading to the exploitation of the Aleuts for labor and the large seal and otter populations for furs. That ended with the transfer of Alaska to the United States in 1867. Further development came with the discovery of gold in Nome in 1900 and the establishment of Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, as a shipping port. <br />
<br />
<h3>
JAPANESE OCCUPATION </h3>
During World War II, the Aleutian Islands featured in hostilities between the United States and Japan. A naval base was constructed at Dutch Harbor in 1942, and following its bombing, the Japanese occupied sev-eral islands but were routed in 1943 by U.S. forces from bases on other islands. Underground nuclear tests were carried out on Amchitka (Rat group) in the 1960s and early warning radar systems, pointing toward So-viet Russia, were constructed during the height of the Cold War. <br />
<br />
Today, sheep and reindeer herding are part of the economy, with some production of market garden commodities. Hunter-gatherer traditions involving hunting and fishing equipment, including basketry, are maintained by modern-day Aleuts. Fishing and hunting of seal are overseen by the federal government and only Aleuts are allowed to undertake such activities. <br />
<i><br />BIBLIOGRAPHY. S.E. Morrison, History of Naval Opera-tions in WWII: Aleutians (University of Illinois Press, 2002); “Aleutian Campaign,” www.wpafb.af.mil (April 2004); “Aleutian Islands,” www.southwestalaska.com (April 2004). </i><br />
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Aleutian Islands

articlemostwanted - KNOWN AS THE Catherine Archipelago until 1900, the Aleutian Islands comprise some 150 islands in four groups, which ar...

AESCHYLUS

Tukang Warta 0 fact, history, people 4/08/2014 08:17:00 PM

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(b. 525/524 BCE—d. 456/455 BCE, Gela, Sicily) <br />
<b>articlemostwanted </b>- Aeschylus, the first of classical Athens’s great dramatists, raised the emerging art of tragedy to great heights of poetry and theatrical power. He grew up in the turbulent period when the Athenian democracy, having thrown off its tyranny (the absolute rule of one man), had to prove itself against both self-seeking politicians at home and invaders from abroad. Aeschylus himself took part in his city’s first struggles against the invading Persians. Later Greek chroniclers believed that Aeschylus was 35 years old in 490 BCE  when he participated in the Battle of Marathon, in which the Athenians first repelled the Persians. If this is true, it would place his birth in 525  BCE . Aeschylus’s father’s name was Euphorion, and the family probably lived at Eleusis (west of Athens). <br />
<br />
Aeschylus was a notable participant in Athens’s major dramatic competition, the  Great Dionysia , which was a part of the festival of Dionysus. He is recorded as having participated in this competition, probably for the first time, in 499 BCE . He won his first victory in the theater in the spring of 484 BCE . In the mean-time, he had fought and possibly been wounded at  Marathon , and Aeschylus singled out his participation in this battle years later for mention on the verse epitaph he wrote for himself. His brother was killed in this battle. In 480 BCE the Persians again invaded Greece, and once again Aeschylus saw service, fighting at the battles <br />
<br />
of Artemisium and Salamis. His responses to the Persian invasion found expression in his play Persians, the earliest of his works to survive. This play was produced in the competition of the spring of 472 BCE and won first prize. <br />
<br />
Around this time Aeschylus is said to have visited Sicily to present Persians again at the tyrant Hieron I’s court in Syracuse. Aeschylus’s later career is a record of sustained dramatic success, though he is said to have suffered one memorable defeat, at the hands of the novice Sophocles, whose entry at the Dionysian festival of 468 BCE was victorious over the older poet’s entry. Aeschylus recouped the loss with victory in the next year, 467, with his Oedipus trilogy (of which the third play, Seven Against Thebes, survives). After producing the masterpiece among his extant works, the Oresteia trilogy, in 458, Aeschylus went to Sicily again. <br />
<br />
Aeschylus wrote approximately 90 plays, including satyr plays as well as tragedies; of these, about 80 titles are known. Only seven tragedies have survived entire. One account, perhaps based on the official lists, assigns Aeschylus 13 first prizes, or victories. This would mean that well over half of his plays won, since sets of four plays rather than separate ones were judged. According to the philosopher Flavius Philostratus, Aeschylus was known as the “Father of Tragedy.” <br />
<br />
Aeschylus’s influence on the development of tragedy was fundamental. Previous to him, Greek drama was lim-ited to one actor and a chorus engaged in a largely static recitation. (The chorus was a group of actors who responded to and commented on the main action of a play with song, dance, and recitation.) The actor could assume different roles by changing masks and costumes, but he was limited to engaging in dialogue only with the chorus. By adding a second actor with whom the first could converse, Aeschylus vastly increased the drama’s possibilities for dialogue and dramatic tension and allowed more variety and freedom in plot construction. Although the dominance of the chorus in early tragedy is ultimately only hypothesis, it is probably true that, as Aristotle says in his Poetics, Aeschylus “reduced the chorus’ role and made the plot the leading actor.” <br />
<br />
Aeschylus was an innovator in other ways as well. He made good use of stage settings and stage machinery, and some of his works were noted for their spectacular scenic effects. He also designed costumes, trained his choruses in their songs and dances, and probably acted in most of his own plays, this being the usual practice among Greek dramatists. But his formal innovations account for only part of his achievement. His plays are of lasting literary value in their majestic and compelling lyrical language, in the intricate architecture of their plots, and in the universal themes which they explore so honestly. Aeschylus’s language in both dialogue and choral lyric is marked by force, majesty, and emotional intensity. He makes bold use of compound epithets, metaphors, and figurative turns of speech, but this rich language is firmly harnessed to the dramatic action rather than used as mere decoration. <br />
<br />
Aeschylus is almost unequaled in writing tragedy that, for all its power of depicting evil and the fear and consequences of evil, ends, as in the Oresteia, in joy and reconciliation. Living at a time when the Greek people still truly felt themselves surrounded by the gods, Aeschylus nevertheless had a capacity for detached and general thought, which enabled him to treat the fundamental problem of evil with singular honesty and success. <br />
<br />
The chronographers recorded Aeschylus’s death at Gela (on Sicily’s south coast) in 456/455, at age 69. A ludicrous story that he was killed when an eagle dropped a tortoise on his bald pate was presumably fabricated by a later comic writer. At Gela he was accorded a public funeral, with sacrifices and dramatic performances held at his grave, which subsequently became a place of pilgrimage for writers. <br />
<br />
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AESCHYLUS

(b. 525/524 BCE—d. 456/455 BCE, Gela, Sicily) articlemostwanted - Aeschylus, the first of classical Athens’s great dramatists, raised the...

Hawkeye - Fight for Moral But Got Anti—authoritarian Philosophy

Tukang Warta 0 comics, marvel 4/07/2014 09:31:00 PM

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<b><span id="goog_1146294890"></span><span id="goog_1146294891"></span>articlemostwanted </b>- Clint Barton’s parents were killed in an automobile accident when he was 8 years old, and the youngster was placed in a state orphanage. At 14, Barton ran away to join a traveling carnival, where he apprenticed himself to the show’s star attraction, the mysterious rogue known only as the Swordsman. Recognizing Barton’s natural flair for archery, the Swordsman agreed to tutor him in the art. For years, Barton practiced with the bow and arrow eight hours a day. Soon, he became a good enough trick—shooter to perform professionally under the name Hawkeye the Marksman.<br />
<br />
Witnessing Iron Man in action, Barton attempted to emulate the hero by donning a colorful costume and employing his archery skills to fight crime. During his first public appearance, Hawkeye was mistaken for a thief by police and found himself actually fighting Iron Man, the adventurer who had inspired his efforts. Weeks later, Barton’s attraction to the Black Widow led him to actually commit criminal acts. But even when he was getting away with it, Hawkeye knew deep down he had strayed from his quest to become a hero. When he approached the Avengers, Iron Man sponsored his membership on the team.<br />
<br />
Hawkeye lives life on the edge, straddling the fine line between right and wrong with a battle—ready swagger that masks an inner struggle for acceptance. For years he served as a valued member of the Avengers, his archery skills complementing his associates’ superhuman powers. But Barton’s bravado in battle and stubborn refusal to accept orders at face value frequently put him at odds with Captain America, an old-school Army man not used to subordinates questioning his commands in the field.<br />
<br />
Dissatisfied with his role, the master marksman parted ways with the Avengers to join the Thunderbolts, one—time super—villains seeking redemption for past crimes by proving themselves as heroes. Having walked a mile outside the law himself, Hawkeye empathized with the Thunderbolts’ plight—and the former criminals’ state of mind. In leading the wayward adventurers, he hoped to lend credibility to their efforts. Hawkeye was lucky enough to find a better life, and he thinks others can do the same. All they need is someone who’s willing to show them the way.<br />
<br />
Heroes are expected to play by the rules, and Hawkeye does—his own. And he’s willing to live with the hard choices and moral compromises his anti—authoritarian philosophy entails.<br />
<br />
Real Name: Clinton Francis Barton<br />
First Appearance: Tales of Suspense#57 (1964)<br />
Height: 6’3”<br />
Weight: 230lbs<br />
Eye Color: Blue<br />
Hair Color: Blond<br />
<br />
POWERS/ WEAPONS<br />
Expert archer with near perfect accuracy, keen eyesight and exceptional reflexes<br />
Trained aerialist and acrobat<br />
Seasoned hand-to-hand combatant<br />
Custom-made bows, including a longbow regular bow and compound bow<br />
Gadget—laden “trick” arrows

Hawkeye - Fight for Moral But Got Anti—authoritarian Philosophy

articlemostwanted - Clint Barton’s parents were killed in an automobile accident when he was 8 years old, and the youngster was placed in ...

Licorice for Sore Throat, Cough, Heartburn and Gastritis

Tukang Warta 0 cough, gastritis, health, heartburn, herbal medicine, sore throat 4/06/2014 08:36:00 PM

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<h1 class="chapter" id="c20">
<span class="medium"><i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i></span></h1>
<div class="nonindent">
<span class="dropcaps">N</span>o one knows who 
first discovered that the tangled, fleshy rhizomes of licorice possess 
an intense sweetness. But evidence of licorice’s use is widespread in 
ancient cultures. Archaeologists found bundles of licorice root sealed 
inside the 3,000-year-old tomb of Tutankhamen, presumably so that in his
 afterlife the Egyptian king could brew <i>mai sus</i>, a sweet drink still enjoyed in Egypt today. The species known to both the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks was <i>Glycyrrhiza glabra</i>,
 commonly called European licorice. The genus name comes from Greek 
words meaning “sweet root.” But there was more to licorice’s appeal than
 its sweetness. Licorice root was also prized medicinally, primarily as a
 remedy for digestive and respiratory ailments.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c20-s01">
<b>Therapeutic Uses</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Sore throat</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Cough</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Heartburn</i></div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Gastritis</i></div>
<div class="extract">
This plant, better known as a candy and candy 
flavoring, also has some medicinal properties. Thanks to its demulcent, 
or tissue-coating, properties, licorice root can coat sore throats and 
soothe coughs, heartburn, and gastritis. It is possible that the thick 
mucilage from licorice provides the coating, or alternatively the body 
may build up secretions in response to compounds in licorice. Scientists
 have conducted a few research trials looking at combination products in
 the treatment of indigestion and asthma and the topical treatment
 of canker sores. A group of compounds in licorice, the triterpene 
saponins, are responsible for the herb’s sweetness and possibly also for
 its antiviral effects and its success in healing stomach ulcers.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c20-s02">
<b>How to Use</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Lozenge:</i> For sore throat, a licorice 
lozenge used every few hours for several days allows the coating 
properties of licorice to soothe inflamed tonsils and throats.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tea:</i> To soothe a nagging cough, especially
 one due to an upper respiratory infection causing nasal drip, try a 
decoction of licorice. Add 1 to 2 teaspoons chopped licorice root to 2 
cups boiling water. Boil for 10 minutes. Strain, cool, and drink ½ cup 3
 to 4 times a day for up to 1 week.</div>
<div class="nonindent">
<i>Tablets:</i> Heartburn, gastritis, or related 
conditions requiring licorice treatment for more than a week respond 
well to deglycyrrhizinated licorice, or DGL, tablets, generally 1 to 2 
380-mg tablets before meals and at bedtime.</div>
<h2 class="section" id="c20-s03">
<b>Precautions</b></h2>
<div class="nonindent">
If taken for extended periods, a licorice compound 
called glycyrrhizin can deplete the body’s potassium and raise blood 
pressure. Generally, licorice is safe if taken for less than a week at 
the doses listed above. For those with gastritis or heartburn needing 
extended treatment, concerns about potassium and blood pressure can be 
avoided by taking a DGL product. People taking blood thinners or blood 
pressure medicines, people with high blood pressure, and people with 
kidney or heart troubles should be cautious with any amount of licorice.
 Licorice is not recommended during pregnancy or lactation.<br />
<br />
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Licorice for Sore Throat, Cough, Heartburn and Gastritis

Glycyrrhiza glabra N o one knows who first discovered that the tangled, fleshy rhizomes of licorice possess an intense sweetness. But...

THE LOTUS FLOWER, CONCH SHELL, ENDLESS KNOT, VICTORY BANNER And DHARMA WHEEL

Tukang Warta 0 ancient, mystery, symbol 4/05/2014 10:25:00 PM

<br />
<h3 class="left">
THE LOTUS FLOWER </h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="image" id="image037">
Symbolizes purity of mind, body, action, and speech. 
The lotus flower rises above the metaphorical “muddy water” of 
attachment and desire.
</div>
<h3 class="left">
THE CONCH SHELL</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQXESsBs_MnLZowMQn6K5JoCUk4wLZC8YySU9OsKKkmojYQna9fyOtz4Q-pjdL6Pcl4h5VLPrjJgYaqir1gCyGDIxzOQRTovikehG4hcCYyBnDGZtLJoCuQnOLKKBas70-xCiyChjSjO4/s1600/6-Shell-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQXESsBs_MnLZowMQn6K5JoCUk4wLZC8YySU9OsKKkmojYQna9fyOtz4Q-pjdL6Pcl4h5VLPrjJgYaqir1gCyGDIxzOQRTovikehG4hcCYyBnDGZtLJoCuQnOLKKBas70-xCiyChjSjO4/s1600/6-Shell-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
Because this shell can be used as
 a sounding horn, it acts as a reminder that followers need to be open 
to the sound of the Buddha’s teachings and that they need to stay awake (in a metaphorical sense), remaining aware and alert.</div>
<h3 class="left">
THE ENDLESS KNOT </h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH22AJDBGhdYXfjB3ef2ZfwcW2hVww6k0QMAeB2M7z4PWAmKK_2ZaQ8jtYa9obrV2OiUOnueCk9L3pyJ2KG43Z7GGDdHJ2q-3G1YUHHHQJT9LxWQez8HKsSyBdnpriLUc1_Bc8naD9SwQ/s1600/6-endless-knot-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH22AJDBGhdYXfjB3ef2ZfwcW2hVww6k0QMAeB2M7z4PWAmKK_2ZaQ8jtYa9obrV2OiUOnueCk9L3pyJ2KG43Z7GGDdHJ2q-3G1YUHHHQJT9LxWQez8HKsSyBdnpriLUc1_Bc8naD9SwQ/s1600/6-endless-knot-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
Symbolizes compassion and wisdom combined, and the need to unite spiritual and material matters.</div>
<h3 class="left">
THE VICTORY BANNER </h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKwFgbiIKNXqp0ppavm8qfgqm2zKkLFwNWGX1g3G-_imAgbqsdtjC0FGIJ3fKQcZdzBnwBEj9t4ggvLCD1K89wEJQJGxPHs66mqQdFzW2oXzNdGusaGGdaLlLOgKDwM5mN4O6CNlt_rsU/s1600/6-victory-banner-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKwFgbiIKNXqp0ppavm8qfgqm2zKkLFwNWGX1g3G-_imAgbqsdtjC0FGIJ3fKQcZdzBnwBEj9t4ggvLCD1K89wEJQJGxPHs66mqQdFzW2oXzNdGusaGGdaLlLOgKDwM5mN4O6CNlt_rsU/s1600/6-victory-banner-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
Represents the triumph of a positive mind over seemingly negative obstacles.</div>
<h3 class="left">
THE DHARMA WHEEL</h3>
<div class="image" id="image041">
<div class="indent">
</div>
<div class="caption">
</div>
</div>
<div class="noindent">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRx55iGGiNIL8eI4iVX9KFSmf3ep61o57t4tk7vLqdYdJ5V3KBc7BJVQY1Ih0msLL7r3v81Q2KTx4DX35Esoj4FjhBSD5k7mCwMiRZkusO5kLPrX6YlxTp0c6ehEt9ZkzFXNxWwg8TGs/s1600/6-dharma-wheel-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinRx55iGGiNIL8eI4iVX9KFSmf3ep61o57t4tk7vLqdYdJ5V3KBc7BJVQY1Ih0msLL7r3v81Q2KTx4DX35Esoj4FjhBSD5k7mCwMiRZkusO5kLPrX6YlxTp0c6ehEt9ZkzFXNxWwg8TGs/s1600/6-dharma-wheel-symbol-articlemostwanted.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="noindent">
Represents the teachings of the Buddha. It is also a Mandala or Sun symbol.</div>

THE LOTUS FLOWER, CONCH SHELL, ENDLESS KNOT, VICTORY BANNER And DHARMA WHEEL

THE LOTUS FLOWER Symbolizes purity of mind, body, action, and speech. The lotus flower rises above the metaphorical “muddy water” of ...

Star-Nosed Mole, World's Fastest-Eating Mammal

Tukang Warta 0 animal, funny, strange 4/04/2014 09:50:00 PM

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articlemostwanted - With 22 fingers attached to its nose, working in total darkness, the mole can discriminate between an edible larva and a stone or empty shell in 17 milliseconds.<br /><br />The star-nosed mole is the world’s fastest-eating mammal. It takes less than a fifth of a second for it to identify if an object is edible and gobble it up. The secret is the ring of 22 tentacles around its nose. These are covered with 25,000 super-sensitive touch receptors, called Elmer’s organs. <br /><br />Working in total darkness in a tunnel, or underwater, the mole can discriminate between an edible larva and a stone or empty shell in 17 milliseconds. This is so fast that its brain is working almost at the physical limit of the nerve fibers. Star-nosed moles use this ability to eat very small insects and crustaceans that wouldn’t be worth the effort for a slower diner. They are also excellent swimmers and maintain a network of river bank tunnels up to 270 meters (886 feet) long.<br />

Star-Nosed Mole, World's Fastest-Eating Mammal

articlemostwanted - With 22 fingers attached to its nose, working in total darkness, the mole can discriminate between an edible larva and...

Tirana Albania - Mountainous Unique Nation

Tukang Warta 0 fact, Geo Encyclopedia, place 4/03/2014 09:04:00 PM

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articlemostwanted - ALBANIA IS UNIQUE in many ways. This small, mountainous nation on the western side of the Balkan Peninsula has a language and a culture that differ sig-nificantly from those of its neighbors. Most notably, it is the only country in Europe with a majority Muslim population. Albania has been isolated from the outside world for most of its history, at first because of the physical inaccessibility of its terrain and later because of 500 years of occupation by the OTTOMAN EMPIRE. <br />
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<h3>
ISOLATION </h3>
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Even during the period of communist rule after World War II, Albanian leaders pursued their own individual course in spite of pressure from its larger neighbors in Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, resulting in one of the most isolated nations in the world—politically, eco-nomically, and culturally. Since reforms began in 1990, Albania has struggled to catch up to the rest of Europe, lagging far behind in political and economic develop-ment. <br />
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Almost all of Albania is mountainous, from the southern reaches of the Dinaric Alps in the north to the various smaller ranges to the east and south. These ranges form Albania’s borders: SERBIA AND MONTENE-GRO to the north, MACEDONIA (Former Yugoslav Re-public of Macedonia) to the east, and GREECE to the south. Many Albanians live across these borders, how-ever, principally in the province of Kosovo to the northeast, but also in Macedonia and Greece. The numbers of Albanians living in these regions is fre-quently debated and is the cause of regional tensions, as Albanians seek to find a unified voice for themselves throughout the Balkans. <br />
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 The narrow coastal plain along the ADRIATIC SEA is the site of Albania’s limited agricultural output, raising products suitable to a warm Mediterranean climate: citrus, figs, grapes, olives. The plain is watered by Al-bania’s major rivers, the Drin, Ersenn, and Semani. Higher elevations are suitable for growing wheat and for tending sheep and goats. The mountains also con-tain mineral wealth, but Albania lacks the resources to extract them profitably. Where the mountains meet this plain is where most of Albania’s larger towns are lo-cated, including the capital, Tirana, at the foot of the Dajti Mountains. The other major cities are Shkodra in the far north, Durrës on the coast, and Vlora in the far south, where the mountains come right down to the sea. These latter three cities, long important for trade in the Adriatic, were Venetian merchant republics for much of their history, reflected in their historic names, Scutari, Durazzo, and Valona. <br />
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Today, most Italian influences are gone, and these cities are repopulated with ethnic Albanians, a people whose origins are unclear, but who are believed to be the region’s oldest inhabitants, predating the neighboring Slavic peoples by several centuries. Their language is believed to be derived from that of the ancient Illyri-ans, a people whose kingdoms once dominated the Balkan Peninsula until they were conquered by the Ro-mans in the 1st century B.C.E., then pushed out of much of their original territory by migrating Slavs in the 6th to 8th centuries. A medieval kingdom was resurrected in the 15th century under Albania’s principal national hero, Skanderbeg, winning a notable victory over the Ottoman Turks in 1449. But within 40 years, Albania had fallen to the Ottomans and had to wait until 1913 to recover its political independence. <br />
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In the meantime, Albania became the only Euro-pean province of the Ottoman Empire in which the majority of its inhabitants converted to Islam, and Al-bania contributed significantly to the development of the Ottoman state—several of its sons rose through the ranks to become grand vizier, chief minister of the sul-tan. After gaining independence, Albania veered from republic to monarchy and back before submitting en-tirely to the strict socialist regime led for four decades by Enver Hoxha. During this period, Albania’s econ-omy was 100 percent nationalized (even personal cars were owned by the state), and diplomatic ties were cut with all of its former allies, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and finally, even CHINA, leaving Hoxha’s regime completely isolated. <br />
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Since 1992, a new regime and a new constitution have attempted to reverse the mistakes of the past fifty years, but Albania remains the least developed country in Europe, with about half of its population working on small farms and half of its industry shut down. Today, much of the national income derives from re-mittances sent back from Albanians working abroad, mostly in Greece and ITALY. <br />
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Area 10,685 square mi (28,748 square km) Capital Tirana Popula-tion 3,582,205 Highest Point Maja e Korabit 9,085 ft (2,753 m) Lowest Point 0 m GDP per capita $4,500 Pri-mary Natural Resources pe-troleum, hydropower. <br />
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<i>BIBLIOGRAPHY. James Pettifer, Albania & Kosovo (A & C Black, 2001); Wayne C. Thompson, Nordic, Central and Southeastern Europe 2003, The World Today Series (Stryker-Post Publications, 2003); World Factbook (CIA, 2004). </i><br />
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Tirana Albania - Mountainous Unique Nation

articlemostwanted - ALBANIA IS UNIQUE in many ways. This small, mountainous nation on the western side of the Balkan Peninsula has a langu...

The Odyssey Of Homer

Tukang Warta 0 history, people 4/02/2014 10:23:00 PM

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articlemostwanted - Homer is the presumed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Although these two great epic poems of ancient Greece  have always been attributed to the shad-owy ?gure of Homer, little is known of him beyond the fact that his was the name attached in antiquity by the Greeks themselves to the poems. That there was an epic poet called Homer and that he played the primary part in shaping the Iliad and the Odyssey—so much may be said to be probable. If this assumption is accepted, then Homer must assuredly be one of the greatest of the world’s literary artists. <br />
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He is also one of the most in? uential authors in the widest sense, for the two epics provided the basis of Greek education  and culture throughout the Classical age and formed the backbone of humane education down to the time of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity. Indirectly through the medium of Virgil’s  Aeneid (loosely molded after the patterns of the  Iliad and the Odyssey), directly through their revival under Byzantine culture from the late 8th century  CE  onward, and subsequently through their passage into Italy with the Greek scholars who ?ed westward from the Ottomans, the  Homeric epics had a profound impact on the Renaissance culture of Italy. Since then the proliferation of translations has helped to make them the most important poems of the classical European tradition. <br />
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<h3>
Early References </h3>
Implicit references to Homer and quotations from the poems date to the middle of the 7th century  BCE . Archilochus, Alcman, Tyrtaeus, and Callinus in the 7th century and Sappho and others in the early 6th adapted Homeric phraseology and metre to their own purposes and rhythms. At the same time scenes from the epics became popular in works of art. The pseudo-Homeric “Hymn to Apollo of Delos,” probably of late 7th-century composition, claimed to be the work of “a blind man who dwells in rugged Chios,” a reference to a tradition about Homer himself. The idea that Homer had descendants known as “Homeridae,” and that they had taken over the preservation and propagation of his poetry, goes back at least to the early 6th century BCE. <br />
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It was not long before a kind of Homeric scholarship began: Theagenes of Rhegium in southern Italy toward the end of the same century wrote the ?rst of many allego-rizing interpretations. By the 5th century biographical ?ctions were well under way. The Pre-Socratic philoso-pher Heracleitus of Ephesus made use of a trivial legend of Homer’s death—that it was caused by chagrin at not being able to solve some boys’ riddle about catching lice—and the concept of a contest of quotations between Homer and Hesiod (after Homer, the most ancient of Greek poets) may have been initiated in the Sophistic tradition. The historian Herodotus assigned the formulation of Greek theology to Homer and Hesiod, and claimed that they could have lived no more than 400 years before his own time, the 5th century BCE. This should be contrasted with the super?cial assumption, popular in many circles throughout antiquity, that Homer must have lived not much later than the Trojan War about which he sang. <br />
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The general belief that Homer was a native of Ionia (the central part of the western seaboard of Asia Minor) seems a reasonable conjecture for the poems themselves are in predominantly Ionic dialect. Although Smyrna and Chios early began competing for the honour (the poet Pindar, early in the 5th century BCE, associated Homer with both), and others joined in, no authenticated local memory survived anywhere of someone who, oral poet or not, must have been remarkable in his time. <br />
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<h3>
Modern Inferences </h3>
Modern scholars agree with the ancient sources only about Homer’s general place of activity. The most concrete piece of ancient evidence is that his descendants, the Homeridae, lived on the Ionic island of Chios. <br />
Admittedly, there is some doubt over whether the Iliad and the Odyssey were even composed by the same main author. Such doubts began in antiquity itself and depended mainly on the difference of genre (the Iliad being martial and heroic, the Odyssey picaresque and often fantastic), but they may be reinforced by subtle differences of vocabulary even apart from those imposed by different subjects. The similarities of the two poems are partly due to the coher-ence of the heroic poetical tradition that lay behind both. <br />
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Partly on the basis of the internal evidence of the poems, which is of some use in determining when Homer lived, it seems plausible to conclude that the period of composition of the large-scale epics (as distinct from their much shorter predecessors) was the 9th or 8th century, with several features pointing more clearly to the 8th. The Odyssey may belong near the end of this century, the Iliad closer to its middle. It may be no coincidence that cults of Homeric heroes tended to spring up toward the end of the 8th century, and that scenes from the epic begin to appear on pots at just about the same time. <br />
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<h3>
Homer as an Oral Poet </h3>
But even if his name is known and his date and region can be inferred, Homer remains primarily a projection of the great poems themselves. Their qualities are signi?cant of his taste and his view of the world, but they also reveal something more speci?c about his technique and the kind of poet he was. Homeric tradition was an oral one: this was a kind of poetry made and passed down by word of mouth and without the intervention of writing. Indeed Homer’s own term for a poet is aoidos, “singer.” Ordinary aoidoi, whether resident at a royal court or performing at the invi-tation of a town’s aristocracy, worked with relatively short poems that could be given completely on a single occasion. These poems must have provided the backbone of the tra-dition inherited by Homer. What Homer himself seems to have done is to introduce the concept of a quite different style of poetry, in the shape of a monumental poem that required more than a single hour or evening to sing and could achieve new and far more complex effects, in liter-ary and psychological terms, than those attainable in the more anecdotal and episodic songs of his predecessors. <br />
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<h3>
The Poems </h3>
Even apart from the possibilities of medium-scale elabo-ration, the Iliad and the Odyssey exemplify certain of the minor inconsistencies of all oral poetry, and occasionally the composer’s amalgamation of traditional material into a large-scale structure shows through. Yet the overriding impression is one of powerful unity. <br />
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The Iliad—consisting of more than 16,000 verses, which would have taken four or ?ve long evenings, and perhaps more, to perform—is not merely a distillation of the whole protracted war against Troy. It is simulta-neously an exploration of the heroic ideal in all its self-contradictoriness—its insane and grasping pride, its magni?cent but animal strength, its ultimate if obtuse humanity. The poem is, in truth, the story of the wrath of Achilles, the greatest warrior on the Greek side, that is announced in its very ?rst words. Yet for thousands of verses on end Achilles is an unseen presence. Much of the poetry between the ?rst book, in which the quarrel ?ares up, and the 16th, in which Achilles makes the crucial concession of allowing his friend Patroclus to ?ght on his behalf, consists of long scenes of battle, in which individual encounters alternate with mass movements of the opposing armies. The battle poetry is based on typical and frequently recur-ring elements and motifs, but it is also subtly varied by highly individualized episodes and set pieces: the catalog of troop contingents, the formal duels between Paris and Menelaus and Ajax and Hector, Helen’s identifying of the Achaean princes, and so on. Patroclus’s death two-thirds of the way through the poem brings Achilles back into the ?ght. In book 22 he kills the deluded Hector. Next he restores his heroic status by means of the funeral games for Patroclus, and in the concluding book, Achilles is compelled by the gods to restore civilized values and his own magna-nimity by surrendering Hector’s body to King Priam. <br />
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The Odyssey tends to be blander in expression and sometimes more diffuse in the progress of its action, but it presents an even more complex and harmonious structure than the Iliad. The main elements include the situation in Ithaca, where Penelope, Odysseus’s wife, and their young son, Telemachus, are powerless before her arrogant suitors as they despair of Odysseus’s return from the siege of Troy, as well as Telemachus’s secret journey to the Peloponnese for news of his father, and his encounters there with Nestor, Menelaus, and Helen. Odysseus’s dangerous pas-sage, opposed by the sea-god Poseidon himself, from Calypso’s island to that of the Phaeacians, and his narra-tive of his fantastic adventures after leaving Troy, including his escape from the cave of the Cyclops, Polyphemus, fol-lows. His arrival back in Ithaca, solitary and by night, at the poem’s halfway point, is followed by his meeting with his protector-goddess Athena, his elaborate disguises, his self-revelation to the faithful swineherd Eumaeus and then to Telemachus, their complicated plan for disposing of the suitors, and its gory ful?llment. Finally comes the recognition by his faithful Penelope, his recounting to her of his adventures, his meeting with his aged father, Laertes, and the restitution, with Athena’s help, of stability in his island kingdom of Ithaca. <br />
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Homer’s in?uence seems to have been strongest in some of the most conspicuous formal components of the poems. The participation of the gods can both dignify human events and make them seem trivial—or tragic. It must for long have been part of the heroic tradition, but the frequency and the richness of the divine assemblies in the Iliad, or the peculiarly personal and ambivalent rela-tionship between Odysseus and Athena in the Odyssey, probably re?ect the taste and capacity of the main com-poser. The Iliad and the Odyssey owe their unique status to the creative con?uence of tradition and design, the crys-talline ?xity of a formulaic style, and the mobile spontaneity of a brilliant personal vision. The result is an impressive amalgam of literary power and re?nement. The Iliad and the Odyssey, however, owe their preeminence not so much to their antiquity and to their place in Greek culture as a whole but to their timeless success in expressing, on a massive scale, so much of the triumph and the frustration of human life. <br />
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<i>from: JE. Luebering - The 100 Most Influential Writers of All Time</i><br />
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The Odyssey Of Homer

articlemostwanted - Homer is the presumed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Although these two great epic poems of ancient Greece have...